We examined statistical life expectancy, actual causes of death, and problems of statistical models, and found that statistical life expectancy is irrelevant to specific persons and has little utilities for estimating and extending lifespans and health spans for specific persons. To provide a model for extending human lifespans and health spans, we propose “usable organ capacity” for individual persons as a measure of lifespans and health spans. We show that personal lifespans and health spans depend on organ’s biological potential, maximum usable organ capacity, decline rate of usable organ capacities, fluctuations in usable organ capacities, sizes of life stressors, and thresholds of death. We used a model to estimate lifespans for human beings and extrapolated survival times to potential lifespans. We show that hundreds of factors affect lifespans and health spans, but current research methods are unable to determine the benefits of single weak factor. The flawed research methods have provided strong incentives to explore strong fixes but ignore the great utilities of multiple factors in extending lifespans. We explored how personal health care wisdom, medical practice culture, drug adverse interactions, and human propensity in favoring short-term benefits over long-term risks might have severely shortened personal lives and create the observed compressed survival curve.
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